Fig, also known as Anjeer, is increasingly becoming a significant crop in India, not only due to its high nutritious value but also because of its medicinal properties. The fruit is known for its high content of fibre, calories, proteins, calcium, and iron, making it a powerhouse of nutrients. It can be consumed in both fresh and dried form, with the dried variety being especially popular globally for its long shelf life and ease of storage. This makes figs a profitable farming venture, with dried Anjeer being in high demand, particularly for its ability to withstand storage without losing its vital nutritional qualities.
When it comes to fig cultivation in India, the most crucial factor to consider is the soil quality. Figs thrive in well-drained, slightly acidic to neutral soils. The plant is highly drought–tolerant, making it suitable for areas where water resources may be limited. Unlike other crops, figs can handle various soil types, but those with low levels of chloride and sulphate are ideal for optimum growth. This characteristic is particularly advantageous as India is seeing an increasing need for crops that can endure harsh climatic conditions, making fig farming a resilient option in challenging environments.
Fig Cultivation in India
With figs being a medicinal and nutritious fruit, their dried form holds global appeal, adding an extra dimension to the crop’s marketability. The demand for figs continues to rise as consumers become more aware of their nutritious benefits, particularly in the health-conscious markets abroad. For Indian farmers, this translates into a potentially profitable venture that not only provides a reliable income but also aligns with the growing need for sustainable, climate-resilient crops.
Fig Tree Overview
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Scientific Name | Ficus carica |
| Common Names | Anjeer, Dumur |
| Soil Type | Well-drained, deep, calcareous, medium to heavy soils |
| pH Range | 7.0-8.0 |
| Tolerant to | Salts, drought |
| Climate | Hot, long summers, semi-arid, arid |
| Temperature Range | 40-39°C |
| Farming States | Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu |
| Ideal Conditions | Drought–tolerant, grows well in arid climates |
| Harvesting Period | Begins from the 3rd year, maximum yield at 8th year |
| Economic Life | 30-35 years |
| Yield per Plant | 18-20 kg/plant (in the 8th year) |
| Crop Type | Minor fruit crop, part of the Moraceae family |
| Fruit Use | Raw, preserved, or for cooking |
| Health Benefits | Digestion, cancer, heart diseases, hypertension, antioxidants |
| Regions for Cultivation | Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu |
Potential Area
Fig cultivation in India has a great deal of potential, especially in arid and hot dry climates where other crops may struggle. Regions such as Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu are already known for successfully growing Anjeer, making them primary areas for future expansion. The adaptability of figs to these arid environments makes them an ideal crop for pockets in India that have slopes or hills, as well as coastal areas where the Mediterranean climate mimics that of countries like Israel, Spain, and Turkey. Unlike some other Mediterranean crops, figs thrive in dry conditions but require careful attention to high humidity, which should be avoided. Countries such as the USA, Egypt, Greece, and Morocco have already capitalized on this crop, and India has the potential to follow suit by increasing the areas where Anjeer can be cultivated. With the right conditions, such as well-drained soils and suitable temperatures, fig farming in India could expand beyond the currently successful states into other states with similar climates, contributing significantly to both the local and global market.
Popular varieties with their yield
Brown Turkey
One of the most sought-after varieties of Anjeer in India is the Brown Turkey fig. Known for its medium to large size, this variety offers a delicious taste and is characterized by its deep coloured skin, ranging from purplish brown to a lighter hue near the stem end. The fruit has distinct ribs and a medium sized eye, giving it a unique texture. The flesh inside is a soft, pinkish brown that complements the rich flavor. The Brown Turkey fig is appreciated not only for its excellent flavor but also for its resilience in varying climates. Typically, the fruit matures in the last week of May and continues to ripen until end-June, making it a key crop in areas with a longer growing season. A healthy tree can yield an average yield of 53 kg per tree, which adds to the variety’s appeal among fig farmers looking for consistent, high-output crops. This makes the Brown Turkey an excellent choice for those looking to grow Anjeer in India.
Fig Cultivation Process
The fig cultivation process begins with the careful selection of suitable varieties such as Poona, Brown Turkey, Conardia, and Mission Kadota, which are widely cultivated in India. These varieties are part of the larger group of figs grown around the world, each having its unique characteristics. The sex of the fig tree plays a role in flowering, and only the common varieties are typically grown commercially. Once the right variety is chosen, the tree can be propagated through methods like seeds, cutting, grafting, layering, or tissue culture. Hardwood cutting is a particularly popular method, as it ensures a higher rate of successful bulk propagation. Once the cuttings are taken, they are placed in grow bags or pots and allowed to root before being planted in fields. The cuttings should be mature and appropriately sized to ensure the best possible growth.
When planting, a pit of appropriate size—usually 2ft X 2ft X 2ft—is dug in the open, allowing for proper solarization and better soil conditions. The topsoil is blended with sand, compost, and a sprinkle of neem cake to enhance soil fertility. The planting typically coincides with the monsoon season to take advantage of the seasonal rains. The plants are left undisturbed for approximately two weeks, giving the roots time to establish and acclimate to the soil. The fig trees will then begin their growth cycle, with the potential for good yields as they mature over time.
Spacing
When it comes to fig cultivation, spacing plays a crucial role in determining both plant health and yield. Proper spacing can help reduce the risk of diseases and pests that commonly affect fig plants. In India, the optimum spacing varies depending on the area and type of soil but is generally recommended to be around 20ft X 20ft, which allows for around 108 plants/acre. This provides ample room for each tree to grow and receive sufficient sunlight and nutrients. Alternatively, some growers use a 16ft X 23ft configuration, resulting in 118 plants/acre, while others prefer 16ft X 16ft spacing for a higher density of 170 plants/acre. While popular, the tighter spacing may lead to increased competition for resources, so it’s essential to monitor plant health and adapt spacing strategies to maximize yield. The key to success lies in balancing plant density to ensure each tree thrives and produces quality fruit.
Soil
For successful fig farming in India, choosing the right soil is crucial. Figs grow best in loamy soils that offer an excellent drainage system, as stagnant water can cause root rot and hinder plant growth. The optimum soil for figs has a pH range of 7-8, which is slightly acidic to neutral. Ensuring this soil type allows for the best growth, as it provides the necessary nutrients without being too heavy or compact. Whether you’re planting a popular variety or experimenting with others, maintaining a good drainage system and the correct soil type is key to achieving healthy plants and high yield.
LAND PREPARATION
Proper land preparation is essential for successful fig cultivation in India. The first step involves preparing nursery pits that are generally about 2ft X 2ft X 2ft in size. For each pit, a mixture of 5kg of cow dung, along with 20-25 kg of well-rotted manure, is added to enrich the soil. Additionally, it’s important to incorporate phosphorus and potash to promote healthy root growth and strong plant development. This combination ensures that the soil is fertile and provides the necessary nutrients for the young fig plants to establish themselves before transplanting into the field. Proper pit preparation plays a key role in enhancing the success rate of the plants once they are transferred for further growth.
Sowing
The sowing of fig seeds or cuttings is ideally done in the first fortnight of February, although mid-January is also a suitable time for early planting. For fig cultivation in India, the correct spacing is essential to allow for healthy plant growth and optimal yield, with a recommended distance of 6 X 6m between each plant. Various propagation methods are used, including planting seeds, cuttings, or using more advanced techniques like grafting. These methods ensure that the young plants are healthy and ready to be transferred to their final locations, where they can thrive and eventually bear fruit. The timing of sowing is critical as it ensures that the plants establish strong roots before the onset of hotter months.
Propagation
Propagation of fig trees is typically done through cuttings, which ensures a quicker and more reliable establishment of new plants. The cutting should be around 30-45cm long and should have at least 3-4 buds. These cuttings are ideally taken from the previous year’s growth to ensure the best chances of success. Once the cuttings are prepared, they are planted in nursery beds or containers until they develop a strong root system, ready to be transplanted. This method of propagation is widely used for its efficiency and the ability to produce healthy, vigorous plants that can quickly be transferred to the field for fig cultivation.
Seed
Seed Rate
The seed rate for fig cultivation depends on the density of planting required for optimal growth. For each acre of land, approximately 150 plants are typically required to achieve the desired yield. This spacing ensures that each fig tree has enough room to develop strong roots and grow without excessive competition for nutrients and water. The seed rate is crucial in determining the long-term health and productivity of the trees, ensuring that fig plants have sufficient space to thrive while maintaining an efficient use of the available land.
Fertilizer
To achieve a good yield from fig trees, it is essential to provide adequate nutrition throughout their life cycle. The nutrient requirement of young fig trees differs from that of mature plants, so fertilizers must be adjusted accordingly based on the age of the tree. For fig cultivation, the soil type also plays a role in determining the specific needs. An annual nitrogen dose is often recommended for healthy growth, and it is typically split into two applications. The first half of the nitrogen is applied early in the growing season, while the second half is added two months later, when the fruits are developing. This guarantees that the trees get the proper nutrients when needed, fostering robust growth and a bountiful, high-quality yield.
Irrigation
Proper irrigation is critical for the success of fig trees, especially during hot dry periods when the trees are most stressed. Figs have a shallow root system, which makes them more vulnerable to water fluctuations, so maintaining an even moisture supply is essential for their growth. Irrigation should be carefully managed to ensure that the soil remains consistently moist, particularly during the ripening period when the fruits are forming. If the trees are not consistently watered, the fruits may split, reducing both the quality and the yield. Implementing a reliable watering schedule is key to ensuring healthy fig trees and high-quality fruit production.
Fig Plantation Care & Management
Effective care and management of a fig plantation is essential to ensure a high yield and healthy fig trees. One of the key practices in maintaining strong, productive trees is annual pruning to train the trees into a single stem, allowing for better air circulation and higher fruit bearing capacity. To support the growth of the trees, farmyard manure, neem cake, and NPK fertilizers are applied in two splits — one during the early growing season and the other a few months later. Regular pruning also encourages better fruiting, but care must be taken not to overprune, as this could lead to sunburn or even a disorder known as fruit splitting, especially during drought conditions.
In commercial plantations, the irrigation system is crucial for sustaining fig trees through hot dry periods. Ideally, 2-3 irrigation cycles per month are sufficient to ensure the trees stay hydrated, especially during the fruiting phase when the trees are most vulnerable. Efficient water management helps prevent pests and diseases such as stem borers, fig flies, and leaf defoliators, which can otherwise reduce the tree’s productivity. Drought resistant plants are more suited to such conditions, but regular care and monitoring are still necessary to keep the trees healthy and free from harmful pests. Proper attention to irrigation, pruning, and fertilization results in a sustained high yield and a healthy fig plantation.
Pruning and training fig trees
Pruning and training fig trees is a crucial part of the management process, especially in the first 3-4 years after planting. The trees are generally trained to a modified leader system, which encourages strong central growth and facilitates better airflow, sunlight penetration, and easier harvesting. Pruning at this stage helps the tree to develop a solid structure while stimulating the growth of new wood that will bear fruit. During winter pruning, branches with diseased, broken, or overlapping growth are removed to prevent disease and promote healthy growth. Additionally, applying Bordeaux paste to the cut ends helps protect the tree from infections. As fig trees mature, careful and less aggressive pruning is needed to maintain healthy growth and ensure a good crop year after year. Heavy winter pruning every three years encourages the development of new growth, leading to an increase in crop yield and ensuring the trees continue to produce high-quality figs. Proper training and timely pruning play a significant role in ensuring healthy, productive trees that yield abundant fruit.
Plant protection
Pests and their control:
Stem borers
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Pests | Stem borers |
| Affected Area | Main stem of fig trees |
| Impact | Weakens the tree, hinders growth, and affects overall health |
| Reproduction | Stem borers reproduce inside the tree’s stem, causing internal damage |
| Control Measures | Application of Phorate granules around the base of the tree and kerosene–petrol mixture for treatment |
| Purpose of Treatment | To get rid of the stem borers and prevent further damage to the tree |
| Key Treatment Methods | Regular monitoring, Phorate granules, kerosene and petrol mixture application |
Leaf defoliators
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Pests | Leaf defoliators |
| Affected Area | Leaves of fig trees |
| Impact | Causes damage by stripping leaves, reducing photosynthesis, and affecting tree growth and fruit yield |
| Control Measures | Spraying Quinalphos (400ml in 150ltr water per acre) to control defoliators |
| Application Timing | Regular spraying as needed to prevent defoliation and maintain tree health |
Fig flies
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Pests | Fig flies |
| Affected Area | Fruit of fig trees |
| Impact | Fig flies lay eggs on the fruit, and the larvae feed on the figs, causing damage to the crop |
| Control Measures | To manage fig flies, apply 300ml of Triazophos in 150 liters of water per acre. |
| Application Timing | Applying it at the right time helps control the fig fly population and safeguard the fruit. |
Diseases and their control:
Rust
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Symptoms | Tiny brown patches appear on the leaves, surrounded by a darker black or brown ring at the center. |
| Impact | Severely affects photosynthesis, leading to reduced yield. |
| Control Methods | Spraying with Dithane Z-78 or Dithane M-45 (400gm per 150 ltr water per acre). |
| Application Timing | Timely application is crucial to control rust before it spreads. |
| Key Benefit | Helps reduce rust infection and ensures healthy plant growth and improved yield. |
Harvesting and Yield
In fig farming in India, harvesting is a crucial step that demands meticulous care and attention. The harvesting season typically starts in February and can extend until June, depending on the variety and climate conditions. Fig trees generally begin bearing fruits from the 3rd year, and by the 8th year, the yield per plant can reach an impressive 18-20 kg. During the harvesting season, figs are usually picked manually, often 2-3 times a week, as the fruit matures in stages. At the beginning of the season, partially ripe fruits are harvested, followed by the collection of fully ripe figs as the season advances. While some figs may have dropped naturally, the best-quality fruit is still picked from the tree. The yield grows gradually, with younger trees yielding around 3-5 kg in the 3rd year. Commercial harvesting starts in earnest once the trees reach maturity, around the 3rd year, and stabilises at optimal levels as the plant continues to mature, providing a steady income for farmers looking to tap into the growing demand for figs both locally and globally.
Reasons to Grow Fig
Fig, or Anjeer, has become a perfect crop for dryland and arid areas in India, especially given its resilience to high chloride and sulphate salts in the soil. This makes it an excellent option for areas with challenging conditions, where other crops might struggle. The highly nutritive qualities of the fruit have only added to its appeal, especially in a time when the world is becoming more health-conscious due to the ongoing pandemic. Rich in fibre, calcium, iron, and antioxidants, figs are increasingly in demand not just locally but also in high-value markets globally. As health consciousness continues to rise, the demand for figs as both a medicine and a healthy food option is growing. Additionally, the ability to process and export dried Anjeer opens up an outstanding prospect for exporting to international markets. With this increased focus on nutritious and resilient crops, fig cultivation is proving to be a lucrative venture for farmers, contributing significantly to India’s agricultural growth.
Reasons Not to Grow Fig
While fig cultivation, or Anjeer farming, offers significant potential in India, especially for current growers exploring premium prices in both local and global markets, there are various challenges to consider. One of the most prominent concerns is the lack of quality planting materials, which can significantly affect the consistency of production and future growth. As fresh figs are incredibly delicate, their low shelf-life can be a major setback for farmers who may struggle with marketing and processing the fruit for long-term storage. With figs, particularly the fresh variety, vulnerable to rapid spoilage, timely sales and appropriate handling become paramount, creating a significant hurdle in areas where access to proper logistics or processing facilities is limited. Additionally, the risk of overproduction in some regions may lead to an eventual drop in price, thereby diminishing the economic return for farmers. While the potential for high-value markets exists, the unpredictable fluctuations in demand, coupled with issues in area and growing conditions, can lead to a situation where the cost of production may considerably outweigh the financial benefits. Consequently, farmers must carefully weigh the challenges before committing to large-scale fig cultivation.
In conclusion, fig cultivation in India presents both promising opportunities and considerable challenges. The fruit’s nutritious value, coupled with its resilience to drought and adaptability to various climates, positions it as an attractive crop for farmers, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. However, issues such as lack of quality planting materials, the delicate nature of fresh figs, their low shelf-life, and the potential for overproduction need to be carefully managed. Despite these challenges, the increasing global demand for dried Anjeer and the growing awareness of its health benefits offer a solid market opportunity. With the right resources, processing facilities, and strategic planning, fig farming can evolve into a highly profitable venture, contributing significantly to India’s agricultural sector.
FAQs
Are Fig Farms Profitable?
Fig farms can be a profitable crop for farmers, especially when considering the increasing global consumption of figs in both health products and skin care products. The fruit’s versatility, with its ability to be consumed fresh or dried, allows for a steady source of income throughout a long harvest season. With the demand for figs rising, even as a coffee alternative, the market for this used and highly nutritious fruit is steadily growing, making it an attractive investment for farmers looking to diversify their crops.
How Many Fig Trees Per Acre?
The number of fig trees that can be planted per acre depends on the spacing used. For a commercial orchard, the most common spacing is between 15 feet and 20 feet apart, allowing around 145 trees per acre. However, if you opt for closer planting, such as 10 feet by 10 feet, you can fit up to 435 trees per acre. On the other hand, for larger trees or those grown for timber or nut production, the spacing range might increase to 40 feet apart, reducing the total number of trees to about 27 trees per acre. As noted by UC Davis, spacing varies depending on the desired outcome of the orchard.
Who Is the Biggest Exporter of Figs?
In 2021, Turkey led as the biggest exporter of figs, both fresh and dried, with a total export value of $330,512.55K and a volume of 91,223,500 Kg. Other top exporters include Iran and the European Union, with significant contributions from Germany and Spain, showing the growing demand for figs globally.
What is the Season for Figs in India?
The harvesting season for figs in India typically starts around February and extends until June, with fruits being harvested in 2-3 day intervals. Figs are manually picked when they reach proper maturity, ensuring they are soft and not wilted. During harvesting, care is taken to avoid the milky latex that exudes from the neck of the fruit, indicating it is not yet fully ripe. The season concludes by May or June, depending on the variety and climate conditions.